Baidu, Inc. (/ _ba_du_/ BY-doo; Chinese: __; pinyin: B_idù; lit. 'hundred times') is a Chinese international technology company concentrating on Internet services and synthetic intelligence. It holds a dominant position in China's search engine market (through Baidu Search), and offers a variety of other web services such as Baidu App (Baidu's flagship app for search and newsfeed), Baidu Baike (an online encyclopedia), iQIYI (a video streaming service), and Baidu Tieba (a keyword-based discussion forum).


Besides its core web search organization, Baidu has diversified into numerous high-growth locations. The business is a leading player in self-governing driving (Baidu Apollo), [3] and wise customer electronics (Xiaodu). [4] With over a decade of investment in expert system, Baidu is one of the couple of tech business globally to provide a full-stack AI stack, consisting of software application, chips, cloud facilities, structure models, and applications. [5]

The holding business of the group is included in the Cayman Islands. [2] Baidu was integrated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996, before he founded Baidu in 2000. [6] The business is headquartered in Beijing's Haidian District. [7]

In December 2007, Baidu ended up being the very first Chinese business to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index. [8] As of May 2018, Baidu's market cap rose to US$ 99 billion. [9] [10] [11] In October 2018, Baidu became the very first Chinese firm to sign up with the United States-based computer ethics consortium Partnership on AI. [12] During the 2020s, Baidu has actually significantly focused on generative AI associated products. [13]

The Chinese government views Baidu as one of its nationwide champion corporations. [14]:156 -157


Early advancement


In 1994, Robin Li (Pinyin: Li Yanhong, Chinese: ___) joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey department of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped establish software application for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. [15] He likewise dealt with establishing much better algorithms for online search engine and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.


In 1996, while at IDD, Li developed the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking [6] [16] [17] and got a United States patent for the technology. [18] Launched in 1996, [6] RankDex was the very first online search engine that used links to determine the quality of sites it was indexing. [19] Li referred to his search system as "link analysis," which involved ranking the appeal of a website based on how many other sites had actually linked to it. [20] It preceded the similar PageRank algorithm used by Google two years later on in 1998; [21] Google founder Larry Page referenced Li's work as a citation in some of his U.S. patents for PageRank. [6] [21] [22] Li later used his RankDex innovation for the Baidu search engine.


Baidu was incorporated on 18 January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. [7] In 2001, Baidu permitted advertisers to bid for ad area then pay Baidu whenever a client clicked an ad, preceding Google's technique to marketing. [20] In 2003, Baidu released a news search engine and photo search engine, adopting a special identification innovation capable of determining and grouping the articles. [23]

2005: Public Listing on NASDAQ


Baidu went public on Wall Street through a variable interest entity (VIE) based in the Cayman Islands on 5 August 2005. [24]

In 2007, Chinese federal government and Chinese market sources stated that Baidu received a license from Beijing, which permits the search engine to become a full-fledged news site. Thus Baidu is able to offer its own reports, besides showing specific outcomes as an online search engine. Baidu was the very first Chinese online search engine to get such a license. [25]

Baidu began its Japanese language search service, run by Baidu Japan, the business's first regular service beyond China in 2008. [26] The Japanese search engine closed on 16 March 2015. [27]

On 31 July 2012, Baidu announced that it would team up with Sina to provide mobile search engine result. [28]

On 18 November 2012, Baidu announced that it would be partnering with Qualcomm to use free cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. [29]

On 2 August 2013, Baidu introduced its Personal Assistant app, designed to assist CEOs, supervisors and the white-collar workers handle their organization relationships. [30]

On 16 May 2014, Baidu selected Dr. Andrew Ng as chief researcher. Dr. Ng will lead Baidu Research in Silicon Valley and Beijing. [31]

On 18 July 2014, the company launched a Brazilian variation of the online search engine, Baidu Busca. [32]

On 9 October 2014, Baidu announced acquisition of Brazilian regional e-commerce website Peixe Urbano. [33]

2017: Launch of Autonomous Driving Business


In April 2017, Baidu revealed the launch of its Apollo job (Apolong), a self-driving automobile platform, in a quote to assist drive the development of autonomous vehicles consisting of vehicle platform, hardware platform, open-source software platform and cloud data services. [34] Baidu prepares to introduce this project in July 2017, before gradually introducing completely autonomous driving abilities on highways and open city roadways by 2020. [35] In September 2017, Baidu launched a $1.5 billion autonomous driving fund to purchase as lots of as 100 autonomous driving tasks over the ensuing 3 years. [36] At the very same time, Apollo open-source software application variation 1.5 was also launched. [37]

In June 2017, Baidu partnered with Continental and Bosch, automobile market providers, on automated driving and linked automobiles. [38]

In July 2017, Baidu GBU entered into a partnership with Snap Inc. to act as the company's main ad reseller for Snapchat in Greater China, South Korea, Japan and Singapore. [39] The partnership was extended in 2019. [40]

In September 2017, Baidu rolled out a new portable talking translator that can listen and speak in several various languages. Smaller than a common smart device, the 140-gram translation gadget can also be used as a portable Wi-Fi router and has the ability to operate on networks in 80 countries. It is still under advancement. Baidu will also be inserting expert system (AI) technology into smartphones, through its deep learning platform. [41] [42] At the very same duration, it has likewise led a joint financial investment of US$ 12billion with Alibaba Group, Tencent, JD.com and Didi Chuxing, obtaining 35% of China Unicom's stakes. [43] [44] [45]

In October 2017, according to The Wall Street Journal, Baidu would release self-driving buses in China in 2018. [46] [47] In the exact same month, Baidu revealed that its very first yearly Baidu World innovation conference (Bring AI to Life) would be held and live-streamed on 16 November 2017, at China World Summit Wing and Kerry Hotel, bringing together Baidu executives, workers, partners, designers, and media to discuss the business's objective and technique, technology advancements, brand-new item developments, and its open artificial-intelligence (AI) community. [48]

China's government designated Baidu as one of its "AI champs" in 2018. [49]:281


In 2018, Baidu divested the "Global DU service" part of its overseas business, which established a series of energy apps including ES File Explorer, DU Caller, Mobojoy, Photo Wonder and DU Recorder, etc. [50] This company now operates individually of Baidu under the name DO Global. [51]

2021: Hong Kong Secondary Listing


In March 2021, Baidu secured a secondary listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, raising $3.1 billion. This marked the biggest homecoming for a U.S.-traded Chinese business in Hong Kong considering that JD.com's listing the previous June.


In August 2021 Baidu exposed a brand-new Robocar principle stated to be capable of Level 5 self-governing driving. [52] It likewise includes the latest second-generation AI chip that can analyse the internal and external surroundings to provide predictive suggestions to proactively serve the needs of passengers.


In June 2022, Jidu Auto, an intelligent electric vehicle company initially backed by Baidu and Geely unveiled its very first concept ROBO-01 in the type of a pre-production car. The ROBO-01 rides on the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) platform, a modular electrical lorry platform established by Geely Holding. [53]

In August 2023, Baidu revealed its ChatGPT-equivalent language design Ernie Bot publicly. [54] In October 2023, Baidu released a more recent variation Ernie 4.0 chatbot. [55]

As of April 2024, Apollo Go, Baidu's autonomous ride-hailing service, had finished six million trips utilizing driverless robotaxis throughout 11 cities. The service operates a fleet of over 400 driverless cars in Wuhan. [56]

Domain redirection attack


On 12 January 2010, Baidu.com's DNS records in the United States were transformed such that web browsers to baidu.com were redirected to a site claiming to be the Iranian Cyber Army, believed to lag the attack on Twitter throughout the 2009 Iranian election demonstrations, making the appropriate website unusable for four hours. [57] Internet users were fulfilled with a page stating "This site has actually been assaulted by Iranian Cyber Army". [58] Chinese hackers later responded by attacking Iranian sites and leaving messages. [59] Baidu later introduced legal action against Register.com for gross neglect after it was revealed that Register.com's technical support staff altered the email address for Baidu.com on the demand of an unnamed person, regardless of stopping working security verification treatments. Once the address had actually been changed, the person had the ability to utilize the forgotten password feature to have Baidu's domain passwords sent out directly to them, allowing them to achieve the domain hijacking. [60] [61] The lawsuit was settled out of court under concealed terms after Register.com released an apology. [62]

Baidu workers jailed


On 6 August 2012, the BBC reported that 3 employees of Baidu were jailed on suspicion that they accepted bribes. The kickbacks were apparently paid for deleting posts from the forum service. Four people were fired in connection with these arrests. [63]

91 Wireless acquisition


On 16 July 2013, Baidu revealed its intent to purchase 91 Wireless from NetDragon. 91 Wireless is best known for its app shop, however it has been reported that the app store faces personal privacy and other legal problems. [64] On 14 August 2013, Baidu announced that its completely owned subsidiary Baidu (Hong Kong) Limited has signed a definitive merger contract to obtain 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from NetDragon Web-soft Inc. [65] for$1.85 billion in what was reported to be the most significant deal ever in China's IT sector. [66]

Name


The name Baidu (__) actually indicates "a hundred times", or alternatively, "many times". It is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji's (___) classical poem "Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival" (___ · __) saying: "Having browsed numerous times in the crowd, unexpectedly reversing, she is there in the dimmest candlelight." (_______, ____, _________ _) [67] [68]

Services


Qunar (Qunar Cayman Islands Limited), travel-booking service managed by Baidu. As of 2013, Qunar had 31.4 million active users and raised $167 Million at its preliminary public offering that year. [69] It is noted at NASDAQ. [70]

Advertisements


Baidu's main advertising product is called Baidu Tuiguang and is similar to Google Ads and AdSense. It is a pay per click marketing platform that permits advertisers to have their advertisements revealed in Baidu search engine result pages and on other websites that become part of Baidu Union. However, Baidu's search results are likewise based on payments by marketers. This has prompted criticism and hesitation among Chinese users, with People's Daily commenting in 2018 on problems relating to dependability of Baidu outcomes. Often as many as the first 2 pages of search results page tend to be paid marketers. [71]

Baidu sells its marketing products by means of a network of resellers. [72] Baidu's web administrative tools are all in Chinese, making it challenging for non-Chinese speakers to utilize. In 2012, a third-party business established a tool with an interface in English for marketing on Baidu. [73] [74] Advertisers on Baidu must have a signed up business address either in China or in specified East Asian countries. [75]

Competition


Baidu [76] contends with Sogou, Google Search, 360 Search (www.so.com), Yahoo! China, Microsoft's Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, NetEase's Youdao and PaiPai, Alibaba's Taobao, TOM Online, DuckDuckGo, and EachNet.


Baidu is the most secondhand online search engine in China, managing 76.05 percent of China's market share. The variety of Internet users in China had actually reached 705 million by the end of 2015, according to a report by the internetlivestats.com. [77]

In an August 2010 Wall Street Journal post, [78] Baidu played down its advantage from Google's having actually moved its China search service to Hong Kong, but Baidu's share of income in China's search-advertising market grew six portion points in the second quarter to 70%, according to Beijing-based research study company Analysys International.


It is likewise evident that Baidu is trying to go into the Internet social network market. As of 2011 [upgrade], it is talking about the possibility of dealing with Facebook, which would cause a Chinese variation of the worldwide social network, handled by Baidu. [79] This strategy, if carried out, would deal with off Baidu with competition from the three popular Chinese socials media Qzone, Renren [80] and Kaixin001 [81] along with induce competition with instant-messaging giant, Tencent QQ. [82]

On 22 February 2012, Hudong sent a complaint to the State Administration for Industry and Commerce asking for an evaluation of the behavior of Baidu, accusing it of being monopolistic. [83]

By August 2014, Baidu's search market share in China dropped to 56.3%, where Qihoo 360, its closest competitor who has actually rebranded its online search engine as so.com, has actually increased its market share to 29.0%, according to report from CNZZ.com. [84]

In February 2015, Baidu was alleged to have actually used anticompetitive strategies in Brazil against the Brazilian online security firm PSafe and Qihoo 360 (the largest investor of PSafe). [85] [86]

In an ongoing competitors in AI natural language processing called General Language Understanding Evaluation, otherwise understood as GLUE, Baidu took a lead over Microsoft and Google in December 2019. [87]

Research and patents


Baidu has begun to purchase deep learning research and is integrating new deep learning innovation into some of its apps and products, consisting of Phoenix Nest. Phoenix Nest is Baidu's ad-bidding platform. [88]

In April 2012 Baidu JDC long live applied for a patent for its "DNA copyright acknowledgment" innovation. This technology instantly scans files that are submitted by Internet users, and recognizes and strains material that might breach copyright law. This enables Baidu to offer an infringement-free platform. [89] [90]

In April 2022, Baidu revealed they got licenses from China to provide the very first driverless taxis. The company objective to offer driverless ride-hailing services to the public and have 10 self-governing automobiles set to begin offering rides to guests within a 23-square-mile location in suburban start starting 28 April 2022. [91]

In July 2022, Baidu unveiled the Apollo RT6, a driverless vehicle that is planned to sign up with Baidu's driverless fleet in 2023. [92]

According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most active and restrictive online censor in the search arena. Documents leaked in April 2009 from an employee in Baidu's internal monitoring and censorship department show a long list of obstructed websites and censored subjects on Baidu search. [93]

In May 2011, activists took legal action against Baidu in the United States for breaching the U.S. Constitution by the censorship it performs in accord with the demand of the Chinese federal government. [94] A U.S. judge has ruled [95] that the Chinese search engine Baidu can block works from its question results under liberty of speech rights, dismissing a lawsuit that sought to penalize the business. [96] [97]

In 2017, Baidu began coordinating with the Chinese Ministry of Public Security as well as 372 Internet cops departments to spot details related to "anti-government rumors" and then flooding "Baidu-linked website, news websites and gadgets with informs dispelling misinformation." [98] This was done using natural language processing, huge information and expert system. [98]

As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese regulators advised Baidu, along with other Internet companies, to "perform unique guidance" on news and details associated to the illness. [99]

In November 2022, Sustainalytics devalued Baidu to "non-compliant" with the United Nations Global Compact concepts due to complicity with censorship. [100]

Controversies


Death of Wei Zexi


In 2016, Baidu's P4P search engine result supposedly contributed to the death of a student who attempted an experimental cancer treatment he discovered online. The 21-year-old college trainee was called Wèi Zéx_ (___), who studied in Xidian University. Wei was identified with synovial sarcoma, an uncommon kind of cancer. He found the Second Hospital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps (___________) through the online search engine Baidu, on which the medical facility had been promoting itself. [101] The treatment showed unsuccessful and Wèi died in April 2016. [101]

After Wei's household invested around 200,000 yuan (around US$ 31,150) for treatment in the hospital, Wei Zexi died on 12 April 2016. The event activated enormous online conversations after Wei's death. [102] On 2 May 2016, Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the leading guard dog for China's Internet space, dispatched a team of private investigators to Baidu. [103] The case is still ongoing. One report declared medical marketing makes up for 30% of Baidu's advertisement earnings, much of which comes from for-profit healthcare facilities that belong to the "Putian Network", a collection of hospitals throughout the country founded by medical entrepreneurs connected with the Putian area of Fujian province. [104] The examination led Chinese regulators to enforce several constraints on Baidu, consisting of adding disclaimers to marketing material and establishing channels for grievances about Baidu services. [105] In addition, Baidu's search function now mostly directs users to contents released on platforms under Baidu's control, leading Chinese media scholar Fang Kecheng to declare that "Search engine Baidu is dead". [106]

Commercialization of Tieba


Baidu offered the hemophilia online community, one of the neighborhoods of Tieba, to unqualified medical facilities. In January 2016, Baidu revealed that it will stop offering all of its illness-related Tieba. [107] On 12 January, Baidu officially announced to the general public that all Baidu Tieba for all kinds of diseases will totally stop business cooperation and will just be open to reliable public well-being organizations. In response to Baidu's choice, Lin Jinlong, president of the Hunan Medical and Health Industry Association, said that personal healthcare facilities have gone into a period of industry transformation and updating, and are neither based on publishing bar advertisements nor relying on competitive rankings any longer, so Baidu's decision will not have a negative effect on the market. [108]

DO Global subsidiary ad-fraud in downloaded apps


On 20 April 2019, it was reported that numerous applications for Android devices developed by the subsidiary company, DO Global (formerly DU Group), were surreptitiously running revenue boosting background programs on user gadgets because at least 2016. [109] These programs, part of six recognized applications developed by the business, and downloaded numerous millions times, were clicking on web ads - even when the gadgets were idle, and unbeknownst to end users, to increase profits generated by "clicks". [109] Just among the apps, all of which were readily available on Google Play Store, had been downloaded 50 million times alone and brought a user score of 4.5 stars by tens of thousands. [109]

Google banned DO Global and more than 100 of its apps from the Google Play Store on 26 April 2019. [110] [111] DO Global was likewise banned from Google's AdMob Network. [110] Apps from another designer, ES Global, including the ES File Explorer, that were owned by DO Global were prohibited from the Play Store and the account was suspended. [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118]

Block in India


In August 2020, following the 2020 China-India skirmishes, Baidu was one of numerous Chinese websites that were prohibited or obstructed in India for nationwide security factors. [119]

2024 head of interactions controversy


In May 2024, Baidu's previous vice president and head of interactions Qu Jing [zh] (Chinese: __) sparked significant backlashes across the Chinese social networks for endorsing harmful work environment culture, where, according to a Douyin video, she has actually asked a colleague to be on a 50-day company trip throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. [120] The report has actually excited even more conversations amongst Chinese netizens regarding Baidu's corporate governance and internal culture. Qu openly said sorry after the incident and has apparently lost her task. Baidu's stock price fell 2.17% in Hong Kong following the occurrence. [121] [122]

Panguso.
Tencent.
Sogou.
Alibaba.
Google.
Copyright in the People's Republic of China.
Software industry in China.
Comparison of web online search engine.
List of search engines.
List of search engines by appeal.


China.

Companies.

Internet.

Technology.


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Further reading


- Lee, Melanie (19 January 2010). "NEWSMAKER-Baidu founder guidelines China's Web with pragmatism". Reuters.
- Udeze, Chuka (26 March 2012). "Baidu Search to be Integrated by Apple on iOS Devices".
- Kohout, Martin (30 October 2014). "Spyware Baidu to Sony Xperia smart devices".